“American Sniper” by Chris Kyle: Summative Essay Essay

The book I chose for the summative essay assignment was â€Å"American Sniper† by Chris Kyle. This book is about the courageous and thrilling memoir of the most lethal sniper in U.S. military history. With over 100 documented kills during his four tours of duty, Chris Kyle has shed light on the dangerous brave life of a sniper. During his four tours of duty in the Iraq war he has come close to death and saved countless lives. He changed a lot from just being a country boy and became what he describes as a man. The war really changed his perspective on his civilian life. The significance of the Iraq war was to help free the Iraqi civilians of their dictator, Saddam Hussein, and the radical Islamic insurgents who terrorized the Iraqi’s after the fall of Saddam Hussein. The time period this book is set in is right before 9/11 and during the Iraq war (1999-2009). As he grows up in Odessa, Texas he grow interested into being a ranch manager. By becoming a ranch hand he found himself in the state of Colorado where he enlisted for the Navy a second time. He joined the Navy in February 1999 and trained to be a Navy SEAL in Coronado, Calif. The rugged challenging training he had to go through to become a Navy SEAL really showed him that it isn’t easy being a solider and that he had to work extremely hard and not give into the powerful temptation of quitting. The tough training conditions and activities really molded him into one of the best U.S. sniper of all time. Nothing he could have imagined would come close to the gruesome scarring experience of war. After serving in the war torn country of Iraq you come out a different person and as he puts it â€Å"Continually going to war, you gravitate to the blackest parts of existence.† Chris Kyle grew up in small towns in north-central Texas. Having loved the ranch lifestyle he became a professional bronco rodeo rider. Then at the end of his freshman year at TSU a bronco flipped onto him breaking his ribs, dislocating his shoulder, a bruised lung and kidney ending his career. After being rejected before from the Marines, he enlisted for the Navy and was turned down at first but then received an unexpected call from the recruiter  little did he know that call would change his life forever. After surviving and passing all of the training needed to become a SEAL, Chris was placed in SEAL Team 3 along with his friends from training, Marc Lee and Ryan Jobs. He married Taya and had a son, they met while he was off base. He finished his 10 years of military service as a CPO and receiving a silver and bronze stars as well as other awards for his contributions as well as over 100 kills. Chris received his nick name of â€Å"The Devil or Ramadi† given to him by the insurgents when he was deployed there. They knew he was a deadly sniper and were terrified of him up to the point of placing an $80,000 bounty on him. In Sadr City he made a 1.9 km shot and killed a rocket launcher holding insurgent. He deployed to locations such as Fallujah, Baghdad, and Ramadi. â€Å"Just then, an RPG hit the outside wall right near me. Some of the building smashed into my face, giving me a couple of beauty marks and temporary tattoos courtesy of the insurgency.† He describes his close encounter with death in Baghdad after getting off the phone with his wife. â€Å"Taya had turned on the television†¦I saw smoke pouring out of the World Trade Center in New York†¦an airplane flew right into the side of the second tower.† He now describes the horrible time when he found out the depressing news of the terrorist attack on the U.S. If I were to rate this book on a scale from 1-10, this book would defiantly earn a 10. This book for me was extremely inspiring how he never gave up even when given the chance, even when all the odds were stacked against him he stayed strong and continued on. He really explained the life of a soldier, and not the usual way we look at soldiers but showed a different side to them, one only they could fully understand. As well as the fact that he let his wife write a few pages here and there explaining the difficulties of being a SEAL’s wife really showed that he wanted the reader to fully understand a SEAL’s life and so on. The only way you would really enjoy reading this book would be if you like reading war books and have an interest in the military. This book is a great book as well if you are looking for a book that you will absolutely not want to put down it and he explains everything that is going on with vivid details. Another pro to this  book is that he transitions from all the events in an orderly way so you will never get lost and have to re-read. I do not dislike any aspect of this story at all, personally it was put together just right to create an exceptionally great war memoir. Overall this book was truly one of my favorite war books I have ever read. It has been crafted carefully by a man who has been through a lot in his life and has stayed strong through the worst times and has enjoyed the best times of his life. Though Chris is no longer with us I am positively sure he would have continued to be the great man that he was, and his legacy will always live on. Christopher Scott Kyle truly was the most lethal U.S. sniper.

A Most Dangerous Game

â€Å"It is a very great pleasure and honour to welcome Mr. Sanger Rainsford, the celebrated hunter, into my home. † These are the first words spoken to Rainsford by General Zaroff upon his arrival on Ship-trap Island. Formally greeting Rainsford gives Zaroff an appearance of a proper gentleman; well-educated and well-mannered. But by his dark eyes, military moustache, and strong face you can also tell that he is obviously a strong leader and military general.Behind his high cheek bones, white hair and sharp nose is a strange madness not reflected by his looks. Murdering fellow human beings despite his proper look provides a stark contrast between what is seen on the outside and what personality lies on the inside. Much better described then the other characters in the story, General Zaroff is obviously a â€Å"round† character in the story â€Å"A Most Dangerous Game†.Through his words and actions we are given a deeper view of the General Zaroff character and fr om that information it is easy to assume his way of thinking and his reason for making certain decisions. Giving General Zaroff’s character a lot of depth creates the perfect â€Å"round† character. Sticking to his belief that killing humans is great fun and more of a sport then murder through the entire story, General Zaroff is a static character who obviously never learned a lesson from his experiences.Arrogant, proud, and inconsiderate to the great value of life, General Zaroff is a pretty bad guy. ‘But the sharp eyes of the hunter stopped before they reach the limb on which Rainsford lay; a smile crept across his face†¦ he turned his back on the tree and walked carelessly away. ’ In this short couple of sentences, the author demonstrates the arrogance of Zaroff. To demonstrate his inconsiderateness to the value of human life, Zaroff, when asked why he could do such a thing (hunt another human being) he answers, â€Å"Ennui. Boredom. By hunting Ra insford, Zaroff demonstrates that he is looking for a worthy opponent and by not sending him off with the others who got trapped on the island to exercise and gain muscle he obviously sees Rainsford, a fellow hunter, as a worthy opponent. Casually walking away from the tree he knew that Rainsford was in shows that because he knew exactly where Rainsford was, he wanted to give him another try to escape, mostly because he expected a lot more from him and was still bored because Rainsford was too easy to track.By saying things like, â€Å"Not many men know how to make a Malay mancatcher†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and, â€Å"Your Burmese tiger pit has claimed one of my best dogs. Again you score. † shows that he is obviously impressed by Rainsford’s intelligence and creativity. The author tells us a lot about General Zaroff in many different ways as to give contrast to the character. Though the things he says and does are very much the same, his physical appearance (shown by what the author tells us about him) is very difficult then how he behaves throughout the story.

Descartes Optics

Descanter's theories of light and vision were central components of his natural philosophy, closely linked to his cosmology, physics, theory of matter, and theory of perception. Descartes replaced traditional explanations of natural phenomena with explanations hidden under terms of matter and motion. By eliminating these theories, Descartes needed to formulate new explanations of the qualities of bodies and our perception of them. In other words Descartes goes on to call into question one's ability to fully understand the things, which our eyes see.His work on optics focused on these questions. In the discussion, Descartes draws a comparison between a blind man's abilities to understand the shape and sensations of objects, and our ability to understand an object's color with our sight. This raises the question of our senses' ability to interpret the world around us with accuracy. Highlights in the text Inventions, which serve to increase its power, are among the most useful. Color: v arious ways in which bodies receive light and reflect it in our eyes The differences a blind man notices between trees, rocks etc. Not seem any less to him than the differences between red, yellow etc. Thus: there is no need to suppose that something material passes from objects to our eyes to make us see colors and light, or even that there is something in the objects which resembles the ideas or sensations that we have of them. You must think of rays of light as nothing other than the lines along which this action tends. Thus, there is infinity of such rays, which come from all the points of the luminous body towards all the points of the bodies it illuminates.There are bodies, which break up the light-rays that meet them and take away all their force (black). There are others, which cause rays to be reflected, some in the same order at which they receive them (bodies with highly polished surfaces). Some bodies cause the rays to be reflected without bringing about any other change in their action (white). Others bring about an additional change similar to that which the movement of a ball undergoes when we graze it (red, yellow, blue, etc. ). The soul has sensory awareness because of its presence in the brain, where it exercises the faculty called the ‘ common' sense.The perfection of an image often depends on its not resembling its object as it might (example: with a little bit of ink you can create a forest) Lemma Optics n. (Used with a sing. Verb) 1 . The branch of physics that deals with light and vision, chiefly the generation, propagation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths greater than x-rays and shorter than microwaves. 2. What something will look like to the outside world; the perception a public relations person would have on something. . The viewing lens of public perception.How the media will play a story. Ad]. N. Comprehensive 1. Marked by or showing extensive understanding: comprehensive knowledge. 2. Having the ability to understand 3. Having or marked by an extensive mental range or grasp: comprehensive understanding. 1 . The act of taking to or upon oneself: assumption of an obligation. 2. The act of taking possession or asserting a claim: assumption of command. 3. The act of taking for granted: assumption of a false theory. 4. Something taken for granted or accepted s true without proof; a supposition: a valid assumption. . Presumption; arrogance. 6. Logic A minor premise. 7. Assumption a. Christianity The taking up of the Virgin Mary into heaven in body and soul after her death. B. A feast celebrating this event. C. August 15, the day on which this feast is observed. Hence DVD. A. For this reason; therefore: handmade and hence expensive. B. From this source: They grew up in the Sudan; hence their interest in Nubian art. 2. From this time; from now: A year hence it will be forgotten. 3. A. From this place; away from here: Get you hence! . From this life. Brim 1 .The rim or uppermost ed ge of a hollow container or natural basin. 2. A projecting rim or edge: the brim off hat. 3. A border or an edge. See Synonyms at border. 4. Full capacity: â€Å"No sooner had the fighting started than the hotel filled to the brim with a most extraordinary collection of people† (George Orwell). Per;chive try. V. Perceived, perceives 1 . To become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing. 2. To achieve understanding of; apprehend. See Synonyms at sell . Perceiver n. Coarse ad]. Oars;ere, soars;est. 1 .Of low, common, or inferior quality. 2. A. Lacking in delicacy or refinement: coarse manners. B. Vulgar or indecent: coarse language. 3. Consisting of large particles; not fine in texture: coarse sand. 4. Rough, especially to the touch: a coarse tweed. Coarsely DVD. Coarseness n. Liable ad] (postposition) 1 . (Law) legally obliged or responsible; answerable 2. Susceptible or exposed; subject 3. Probable, likely, or capable it's liable to happen soo n [perhaps via Anglo-French, from Old French lire to bind, from Latin legГre] liableness Usage: Usage.The use of liable to to mean likely to was formerly considered incorrect, but is now acceptable Deflection 1 . The act of deflecting or the condition of being deflected. 2. Deviation or a specified amount of deviation. 3. The deviation of an indicator of a measuring instrument from zero or from its normal position. 4. The movement of a structure or structural part as a result of stress. Deflect intra. & try. V. Deflect;deed, deflect;ins, deflects To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate. Deflects;blew ad]. Deflective ad]. Deflector n. Refraction 1.The turning or bending of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density. 2. Astronomy The apparent change in position of celestial objects caused by the bending of light rays entering Earth's atmosphere. 3. Medicine a. The ability of the eye to bend light so that an image is focused on the retina. B. Determination of the refractive characteristics of the eye. Refraction;al, refractive ad]. Refractive;lay DVD. Refractive;nesses, n A;do (-d) Bustle; fuss; trouble; bother. V. try.

Child Labour in the Global Economy Dissertation

Child Labour in the Global Economy - Dissertation Example Children had been historically involved in a variety of jobs ranging from agricultural and farming to industrial and manufacturing jobs. But, this conventional idea employing children in the aforementioned fields is rapidly changing as most often it is their parents who force their offspring into laborious activities. A survey conducted by ILO across 36 less developed economies reported a fraction of the 25 percent children employed in economically active jobs to be working for others. In addition, most of them work without pay with dominance of such form of exploitation more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. UNICEF reported this figure at 4.2 percent in case of rural regions and 5.2 percent for urban areas, for LDCs. Furthermore, out of the few children who work for others, nearly 6 percent do not earn any wage; such situation normally arises in cases when parents hold their children as collaterals while accepting loans and default payments on the same owing to poverty (Edmond s & Pavcnik, 2005, p. 202). Figure 1 alongside summarises the outcome of a survey conducted by ILO in 2006 to comprehend the change in occurrence of child labour across the world through 2000-2004. It shows the highest concentration of child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia-Pacific areas. Child labour is found to have dropped drastically in Latin America and Caribbean with a reduction of more than 10 percent of the total child population over the region. On the whole, the scenario has improved for child labour throughout the world within a span of four years.... But, this conventional idea employing children in the aforementioned fields is rapidly changing as most often it is their parents who force their offspring into laborious activities. A survey conducted by ILO across 36 less developed economies reported a fraction of the 25 percent children employed in economically active jobs to be working for others. In addition, most of them work without pay with dominance of such form of exploitation more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. UNICEF reported this figure at 4.2 percent in case of rural regions and 5.2 percent for urban areas, for LDCs. Furthermore, out of the few children who work for others, nearly 6 percent do not earn any wage; such situation normally arises in cases when parents hold their children as collaterals while accepting loans and default payments on the same owing to poverty (Edmonds & Pavcnik, 2005, p. 202). Figure 1 alongside summarises the outcome of a survey conducted by ILO in 2006 to comprehend the change in oc currence of child labour across the world through 2000-2004. It shows the highest concentration of child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia-Pacific areas. Child labour is found to have dropped drastically in Latin America and Caribbean with a reduction of more than 10 percent of the total child population over the region. On the whole, the scenario has improved for child labour throughout the world within a span of four years. This fact has an obvious implication that the world is indeed developing at a fast pace and in a homogeneous pattern. Figure 2 on the other hand, emphasises upon the kinds of jobs that children between 5 and 14 years of age, are employed in. It shows a majority of them to be employed in agricultural and farming

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues Essay

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues - Essay Example Moreover, in the year 2002, Gerard J. Arpey became the Chief Operating Officer as well as the President of American Airlines. American Airlines under the leadership of Gerard J. Arpey became part of the ‘oneworld’, one of the foremost global alliances in the field of airlines (American Airlines, Inc., 2008). Current Operational Areas of American Airlines Product & Service Design According to Moritz, product & service design is â€Å"the design of the overall practices of a service as well as the design of the process along with different strategies in order to provide a particular service†. In addition, it is a process which covers the four D’s, that is define, discover, develop and deliver. It is all about recognising the market, client and organisation, developing ideas, transform them into practicable solutions and eventually to help in implementing them (Moritz, 2005). The operational areas of American Airlines includes such as product & service designs , supply chain management system, planning inventory control, resource planning and quality management among others. The product that the organisation deals basically with is the airline service and also it produces numerous service designs to its wide range of customers worldwide. One of the most significant services of American Airlines is their introduction of Admirals Club which is especially intended for their travelling customers (American Airlines Inc, 2008). Admirals Club as a quality feature offers an expansive range of facilities such as individual workstations, computers with internet facility; extensive distance telephones, children’s rooms, music rooms and a wide variety of sweet and flavourful snacks... According to the research findings with the advent of increased use of technology and competition in the airlines industry, there is a need of a very practical applicable theory that is maximising revenue and reducing cost for every organisation of the airlines industries in order to survive in today’s business environment. In the paper, the current operational areas of American Airlines that include the various operational fields like the organisations product and service design, supply chain management processes, planning inventory control processes, resource planning policies and quality management among others are focused. And also an analytical discussion has been made regarding these key processes within the operational areas of the organisation that significantly contributes to the competitive advantage. Also the various organisational, management and technical issues surrounding the information system has been elaborately discussed. In this connection, certain instruct ions were also recommended regarding the improvement to the specialised areas of the organisation which might eventually prove beneficiary as well successful for American Airlines. The concept of knowledge management is also highlighted and ultimately it can play a significant role or position within the organisation in alleviating the prevalent issues. Moreover, the ethical concerns and the security threats to the recommended information systems is also highlighted and certain controllable factors were also prescribed in order to cope up with several issues and threats that are prevailing within the organisation.

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy management Essay

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy management techniques - Essay Example This helps these businesses to achieve maximum efficiency because they worry less about these aspects of business because they focus more on adding value to their customers. In order for a business to reap the benefits of supply chain management, it is important for a business to identify suppliers that are able to deliver value as intended meaning that the process of seeking suppliers has to be a rigorous one. Many businesses have to come to understand the potential that supply chain management (SCM) has to their operations because when implemented effectively can help them in achieving competitive advantage in the markets that they exist in (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero & Patterson 2015, 349). The concept of SCM has gained popularity because business entities developed a keen eye on delivering quality to the markets they serve and also based on the need to manage the materials that are used in product developed. Also the need to manage logistics as a way of creating value for the customers being served by a business has further propelled the inclusion of SCM as part of business operations. Based on this overview, this essay will focus on influencing understanding and application of appropriate management frameworks that can be essential in the planning and control of goods and services by having the aspects of quality, quantity and cost analysis in mind. Further, the paper will also seek to create an understanding of the tools and techniques that exists that can help in achieving efficiency in the supply chain managerial decision making under supply chain management. In relation to consultancy management techniques, the essay will identify data and information sources that are relevant to the decision making process and also analyze this information so as to support the decision making process. Further, emphasis will be on communicating the

McGraw-Hill Company Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McGraw-Hill Company - Speech or Presentation Example The company recognizes the different market segments that it can cater to and it is this reason that it has undertaken the effort to publish a wide variety of books; books for kindergarten up to books required for professional purposes targeting not only students of all age groups but also teachers. With services such as e-books, online tutoring, subscription and customized course websites, the company aims to keep its target market intact while having an edge over its competitors. The McGraw Hill Company is not only confined to its educational wing. It also provides broadcasting and financial and business services. The financial wing of McGraw Hill Company i.e. Standard & Poor specializes in providing investment research and credit ratings. The data and investment analysis aids many financial analysts around the world in decision making. The McGraw Hill Information and Media Group specialize in providing business intelligence and business solutions to facilitate business decision making. BusinessWeek which is known for providing insight into multinational companies is one product of the Information and Media Group. The J.D. Power and Associates is known for global marketing and information services. With operations in almost all major parts of the world such as Asia, Latin America, Europe, Africa, Canada and U.S., the company aims to cap... It is such alliances and ventures that allow the company to have a global presence. It is the ability of The McGraw Hill Company to adequately identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that allow the company to remain successful in this competitive environment. Since the company is able to take advantage of its presence in virtually all the major world markets, it is well equipped to fight any competition. In order to maintain its market share and remain a dominant player in the publishing market, the company aims to take a number of steps. It hopes to achieve high growth rates while maintaining the quality of its products and services. Since the company realizes that education plays a vital role in improving the wellbeing of the population, it uses its educational wing as a tool for spreading knowledge as well as making profits while providing benefit to all those who seek knowledge. The company plans to introduce new innovative and modern learning techniques that will not only make education enjoyable to the readers but also easy to use and understand. This way the company will first, be able to engage students and second beat the market by launching products that other companies are still aspiring to produce. This way not only will the company benefit in terms of profits but it will raise the benchmarks in the publishing sector encouraging other companies to come up with similar competitive products for the benefit of the customers. However this as always will help McGraw Hill Publishing Company in maintaining its position as the market leader. The future for the company will seem bright if the government is also able to extend its support to the publishing sector. Due to the pirated copies of books

Dietary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dietary analysis - Essay Example 2.1.2 Fats: fats consist of fatty acids which are made up of long carbon chains bonded together by glycerol. The most common type is three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol backbone and is refereed to as triglyceride. Fats may also be classified as saturated or unsaturated fats. The basis of this classification depends upon the structure of the fatty acid. The saturated fats have their carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. Unsaturated fats on the other hand have less carbon atoms bonded to the hydrogen. Unsaturated fats are also refereed to as monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Research indicates that unsaturated fats particularly the monounsaturated fats are best for human consumption. Dieticians also classify fats as essential and non-essential fatty acids. Non essential fatty acids are produced by the body while the essential fatty acids must be included in the diet. Essential fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6. 2.1.3 Fiber: It is a form of carbohydrate which is absorbed by the body. It produces energy like ordinary carbohydrates but accounts for less energy due to their limited digestibility and absorption rate. Cellulose is the most common fiber. Fibers can be classified as soluble or insoluble fiber. Fiber reduces the risk of colon cancer and aids in digestion reducing diarrhea and constipation. Food containing fiber includes whole grain, fruits such as plums, figs and prunes; and vegetables. 2.1.4 Proteins: The body structure is made of proteins. Skin, muscles, hair and flesh within the human body are made of protein complex. Protein also forms a constituent of all enzymes that control chemical reactions in the body. The chemical reaction enables production of energy and conversion of various chemicals. The protein molecules are made up of amino acid molecules. The human body does require amino acids to

Contemporary Management issue (Qasim) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management issue (Qasim) - Essay Example Moral theory represents theories associated with ethics and morality. A theory generally represents a set of structured statements with a set of concepts. It represents a framework based on which individuals act in a reasonable manner. In other words, moral theories provide appropriate framework for thinking, discussing and finally, evaluating the moral issues in a specific and reasonable manner. It has been found in the past few decades that investigations related to marketing and business ethics have been incrementing significantly. The findings of such investigations state that administrative ethics in the entire marketing process of any organization is a significant issue. Marketing itself involves one vast picture. So, there are chances of loopholes that might lead to various unethical activities conducted by the organizations. It is essential for the businesses to maintain a standard code of ethics for avoiding arousal of any unethical activity in their operations. It is applic able in each and every aspect of the business including sale of products or services where the behaviour of a salesman is taken into consideration (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2009). Deregulation of the standard code of ethics in various industries has resulted in commitment of various unethical activities, which in turn have resulted in the increase of rivalry among the existing firms within the industry. The competitive pressure within industry, along with the uncertainty of business existence, has led to deregulation of business ethics by managers in organizations (Barnett, 2007; Boatright, 2000). A series of evidences show that many companies have deviated from their standard ethical conducts within last few decades. It is not possible for one buyer to identify all the purchasing criteria or purchasing variables, which gives scope to the marketers to conduct unethical activities at high rate (Carroll and Shabana, 2010). The organizations look for short-term profit and opt for unethic al activities. However, in long-term perspective, these activities severely affect their reputation. The organizations, which were being suspected of conducting their business operations in unethical manner, were suffering in legal terms. As already stated earlier, the businesses conduct these unethical activities in order to achieve short-term profit, whereas in long-term aspect, their reputation declines badly. The unethical activities are conducted by organizations in various manners. These unethical activities are conducted sometimes in order to mislead the customers and persuade them in their buying decisions (Curwen and Whalley, 2005). There are various other examples of carrying out unethical activities by the organizations such as, keeping the prices of the products high where the quality is inferior. This helps them in making short-term profit but the ultimate consequence is that the reputation of organizations gets hampered and they lose loyal customers (Friedman, 2004). T he case study deals with unethical activities conducted by the tobacco producing companies in United States. It represents how companies had neglected the standards set by the department of justice i.e. DOJ in United States. According to the district judge, if DOJ could prove that the big tobacco producing companies are performing deceptive activities for their short-term profit seeking purpose, then they would be strictly penalized

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response paper - Essay Example The video shows the grave situation which has resulted in the forest of Boulder, Colorado. This forest is a vast land accommodating thousands of pine trees. It does not only provide for scenic beauty; rather it is home to several people who live among the beautiful mountains, forests and lakes of Colorado. Due to the rising global temperatures, the trees of the forest are encountering parasitic invasion by the ‘pine beetles’. These insects only infest at warmer temperatures and due to the climate changes they have gained access to the pine trees of Colorado. Because of this massive invasion, the pine trees of Colorado are dying and their number has decreased significantly over the past years. The destruction of trees gives way to an unhealthy eco-system, as the animal species of the forest will encounter a disturbed cycle of life. Moreover, the increased number of dead tree logs also gives way to wild forest fires. The Fourmile forest fire of Colorado in 2010 was a devas tating outcome of global warming which led to many people losing their homes in Colorado. This is an upsetting outcome of global warming that has affected the human population. If the balance of environment is not restored, the outcomes can be more devastating and life-altering. In view of the government’s basic duty to protect the natural elements of its domain such as air and water, the residents of Boulder, Colorado are standing up for their rights and demanding the protection of their natural resources. It is stated by scientists that if we decrease the total carbon dioxide production by 6 percent per year and increase the number of forests, then the balance of environment can be restored. People who appreciate and enjoy the natural resources around them are raising their voices as environmental activists to spread awareness and acknowledgement among the masses. Video 2 There are various ominous signs that point towards the changing climate of Earth. These changes and the ir effects are going to indirectly affect the human population, by shortcomings in food and water resources. The melting of glaciers is one of those worrisome indicators that signify the pacing global warming and this video explains the negativities associated with this melting of glaciers. The Himalayas is home to many gigantic and historic glaciers. Many years back, these glaciers were a source of awe and wonderment for the discoverers and mountain explorers. The thought of disappearance of these colossally huge glaciers never even struck their minds. However, some of these glaciers are melting, which apart from being a problematic sign of global warming, is going to affect millions of people living in the Himalayas. Industrialization of the world is leading to the glacial melt, which is exhibited by the difference in their sizes when compared to the glaciers’ older pictures and descriptions. A very relevant example would be of the Kyetrak Glacier, Mountain Cho Oyu. The gla cier has been affected by the global warming and has shown signs of melting when compared to the 1921 and the 2009 descriptions of the glacier. The Rongbuk Glacier, located in the Himalayas, is another victim of global warming and mountain explorers describe drastic changes in the glacier over the past 30 years. Explorers describe the glacial melt to affect the inhabitants of Himalayas. They will be facing problems in their

Hunger in Black Boy Essay Example for Free

Hunger in Black Boy Essay Hunger in Black Boy Have you ever experienced real hunger? The kinds of hungers that Richard experiences in Black Boy are not evident in the society where you and I reside. The present middle class citizens cannot really relate to true physical hunger. Hunger for most of us is when there is nothing that we desire to eat around the house and therefore skip one meal. This cannot even compare to the days that Richard endures without food. Physical hunger, however, is not the only hunger apparent in Richards life. Richard suffers from emotional and educational hungers as well. He yearnsfor such things as mere association with others and simple books to read. Both of which are things that most people take for granted. This efficacious autobiography, Black Boy, by Richard Wright manifests what it is like to desire such simple paraphernalia. From a very early age and for much of his life thereafter, Richard experiences chronic physical hunger. Hunger stole upon me slowly that at first I was not aware of what hunger really meant. Hunger had always been more or less at my elbow when I played, but now I began to wake up at night to find hunger standing at my bedside, staring at me gauntly (16). Soonafter the disappearance of Richards father, he begins to notice constant starvation. This often reappears in his ensuing life. The type of hunger that Richard describes is worse than one who has not experienced chronic hunger can even imagine. Once again I knew hunger, biting hunger, hunger that made my body aimlessly restless, hunger that kept me on edge, that made my temper flare, that made my temper flare, hunger that made hate leap out of my heart like the dart of a serpents tongue, hunger that created in me odd cravings (119). Because hunger has always been a part of Richards lifestyle, he cannot even imagine eating meat every day. This simple privilege would be a miracle to him, yet to most it is nothing. These weakening and piercing hungers are frequently evident where poverty dwells in the Jim Crow South. Furthermore, emotional hunger also represses much of Richards life. Richard desires attention from people. However, since he does not receive much of this at home, he does not really know how to associate with others. This provokes a problem when he leaves home because he cannot understand the friendliness of people around him. Nevertheless, I was so starved for association with people that I allowed myself to be.

Georges Braque And Pablo Picasso Essay Example for Free

Georges Braque And Pablo Picasso Essay The Frenchman Georges Braque (1882-1963) and the Spaniard Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) are considered the most influential artists of the twentieth century and the artistic geniuses who created and developed the cubist movement, undoubtedly the most revolutionary one in Western art. During a certain period of time, both artists worked together in the same studio breaking down subjects they painted into several facets and presenting their different aspects at the same time, experimenting with geometrical forms, and exploring unconventional techniques in painting all of which either shocked or impressed and interested the audience. Although Braque and Picasso’s partnership did not last for long and their artistic careers later went their own ways, the cubist movement they created and developed while working side by side in their Paris studio has influenced the whole generations of artists around the world (Mataev). Georges Braque Born in 1882 in Argenteuil-sur-Seine, France, Georges Braque attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Le Havre during 1897-1899 and then moved to Paris where he received his craftsman certificate. During 1902-1904, the young artist studied painting and worked at the Academie Humbert. Impressed by Matisse and Derain’s fauvist ideas, he produced and then presented his first fauve paintings in Paris’ Salon des Independants in 1907. By 1908, however, Braque lost interest in fauvism and adopted the artistic style that would be later called cubism (Georges Braque). In 1909, Braque started to work with Pablo Picasso and their fruitful partnership resulted in the development of the revolutionary cubist movement in painting. The styles that both of them adopted were quite similar for about two years during which they introduced collage elements into their works and experimented a lot with the pasted paper technique. In â€Å"Page # 2† his paintings, Braque explored the effects of light and perspective and challenged traditional artistic conventions of that time. His works of this period were characterized by neutral color and sophisticated patterns of form as it can be seen, for example, in his â€Å"Violin and Pitcher† (Georges Braque). The fertile partnership with Picasso ended in 1914 when Braque enrolled in the French army and went off to war. In 1915, he got severely wounded in one of the battles and after recovering in 1917 Braque resumed painting and began an artistic collaboration with Juan Gris (Georges Braque). After World War I, Braque’s style was characterized by more freedom, a richer color range, and the presence of human figures. He produced a considerable number of still lifes and rose to prominence particularly in 1922 after showing his paintings in the Salon d’Automne in Paris. By 1930, Braque interpreted nature more realistically although some aspects of the cubist style were still present in his paintings. After that, the artist produced many works including sculptures and graphics that became particularly somber during World War II (Georges Braque). During the 1950s, Braque depicted various themes including seascapes, landscapes, birds, and also made lithographs and designed jewelry. The great French artist died in August, 1963, in Paris after several years of suffering from health deterioration. Braque’s most known paintings include â€Å"Violin and Palette†, â€Å"Piano and Guitar†, â€Å"Guitar and Clarinet†, â€Å"The Table†, â€Å"The Round Table†, â€Å"The Day†, the â€Å"Studio† series, and many other works (Russell, 1982). Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was born in 1881 in Malaga, Spain, where he lived until the age of ten. In 1892, Picasso began to attend the School of Fine Arts in La Coruna and then in 1895 he â€Å"Page # 3† entered the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona where he showed his first academic work â€Å"The First Communion† at a local exhibition. Picasso pursued his studies at the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, dropped out after only a couple of months, and began to visit the Prado where he copied the works of the old artists trying to imitate their styles. In 1900, Picasso opened a studio in Paris and the first painting he produced there was â€Å"Le Moulin de la Galette† (Mataev). Suicide committed by his friend and poet Casagemas in 1901 came as a great shock to Picasso influencing him to paint first the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in color and then the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in blue, and also â€Å"Evocation – the Burial of Casagemas†. At that period, the artist used predominantly green and blue and depicted despair, poverty, and unhappiness showing his restlessness and loneliness. The paintings that Picasso produced during 1901-1904 are known as the Blue Period works. The Rose Period, which was the next stage in his artistic career, started around 1905 when Picasso’s palette became lighter, and pink, rose, yellow, and beige were pervasive in his paintings in which he mostly portrayed graceful acrobats, circus performers, and harlequins. (Mataev; Pablo Picasso) Impressed with African ethnic art, Picasso began to combine its angular structures and his modern ideas about geometrical forms which, in 1907, resulted in the creation of â€Å"Les demoiselles d’Avignon†, his first cubist painting. Picasso and his new friend Braque explored the possibilities of the new artistic style and in the beginning their paintings could not be easily distinguished. 1909 saw the beginning of the painter’s analytical cubism whose main characteristics, faceted stereo-metric shapes, can be seen in his â€Å"Bread and Fruit Dish on a Table† or â€Å"Woman with Pears†. After the exhaustion of analytical cubism, Picasso experimented with collages which lead to the arrival of synthetic cubism: works with large, schematic patterns as it can be seen in â€Å"The Guitar† (Mataev; Hughes, 1998). â€Å"Page # 4† After the cubist period in Picasso’ artistic career came the Classicist period with rather traditional patterns such as in â€Å"The Lovers†. But during this period he occasionally returned to cubism and in 1921 produced â€Å"Three Musicians†, one of his most important masterpieces. Picasso’s classicist paintings also include â€Å"The Pipes of Pan†, â€Å"Women Running on the Beach†, and â€Å"The Seated Harlequin†. After that, Picasso was greatly influenced by the surrealist movement and produced â€Å"His Woman with Flower† and several other interesting paintings. In 1937, he expressed his personal view of the tragic events in the Basque province that was bombed by Germans in his huge mural work â€Å"Guernica† and in â€Å"Weeping Woman†. While living in his villa near Cannes, in 1956 Picasso painted his â€Å"Studio â€Å"La Californie† at Cannes† and â€Å"Jackeline in the Studio†. Then he moved to the Chateau Vauvenargues where he lived and painted until his death in 1973 (Mataev). â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† and â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† Both Pablo Picasso’s painting â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† and Georges Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† were produced in 1924 in France and are now located in the European Modern Paintings section of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Both works are still lifes with the presence of cubist elements, are painted in oils on canvas, and each of them represents a certain stage in Picasso and Braque’s artistic careers. If during 1909-1914 both artists worked side by side to create cubism and their styles and paintings were mostly indistinguishable, in 1924, however, when the above mentioned works were produced, the divergence in Picasso and Braque’s cubist ideas could be easily seen in their paintings (Mataev). While Picasso’s still life â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† is composed of only man-made objects (a cake, a fruit bowl, a bottle, and a mandolin), Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† depicts both man-made (a pipe, a jug, sheet music, a cup, a fruit bowl, and a guitar) and natural (pears placed next to sheet music and in the fruit bowl) â€Å"Page # 5† objects. The presence of musical instruments and fruit bowls in both paintings invokes some common themes or at least it makes the viewers think of them when they look at them for the first time. The main objects in both paintings are placed on tablecloths spread in a different manner on what appears to be tables. The objects in Braque’s picture are much smaller than those in Picasso’s work in which the size of some of them is somewhat disproportionate when compared to other objects. Braque and Picasso use space in their paintings in an entirely different way. There is quite a bit of space between the objects located in the foreground of Picasso’s still life and the viewer can easily see their whole forms. By contrast, in Braque’s paintings the objects in the foreground seem to be concentrated closely to each other in one place and parts of some of them are hidden by other objects. The use of space by Picasso gives the audience the impression of more freedom and ease while Braque seems to impose certain limits in movement and space. In Picasso’s painting, the viewer’s attention is first attracted by the main four objects in the foreground, and then by the objects and forms located in the background, particularly by what appears to be a wall and part of a window. By contrast, it seems that Braque’s intention is to concentrate the viewer’s attention only on the objects that can be seen in the foreground. He does not provide any detail as to what is in the background as though he does not want to divert the audience’s attention from the center of interest of the painting. Another important difference between the paintings as far as the objects and their forms are concerned is that Braque’s work is much more realistic than Picasso’s. Except for the window in the background, Picasso seems to depict in his picture not the objects such as the cake or fruit bowl but rather the shapes that invoke those objects. What attracts the â€Å"Page # 6† viewer’s attention in particular is the flatness of the forms of Picasso’s objects that are defined by lines. Although some parts and forms of his objects are disproportionate, Braque’s objects, however, are unambiguous and closer to reality. The use of color is another important characteristic that distinguishes Picasso’s painting from Braque’s work. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† bright and vivid colors are predominant and much brighter and richer than those in Braque’s â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† conveying to the viewer a light and pleasant mood. By contrast, the somber aspect of Braque’s painting whose color range varies from dark brown to dark beige makes the viewer impressed with its gloom and sadness. In Picasso’s picture, the general color range of objects in the foreground is slightly more somber compared to the color range in the background. By contrast, in Braque’s work, the relatively somber objects in the foreground are placed against an even darker background. The only bright-colored objects in this picture seem to be sheet music and a pipe appearing incongruous to a certain extent against the backdrop of its general color range. Another distinctive characteristic is the color of the objects themselves. Except for the window in the background, the color of most objects in Picasso’s painting is plain, for example, a plain dark red bottle, a plain bright yellow fruit bowl, and so on. Braque, by contrast, adds to the color of every object thick brush-strokes of black as if to emphasize the somber mood of the painting. There is also some difference in how the artists paint the objects in the pictures with their brushes. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† the paint is applied thinly in most areas, although in some places it is quite thick. In â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† Braque’s bold brushwork is pervasive. REFERENCES: 1. Georges Braque. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. mcs. csuhayward. edu/~malek/Braque. html 2. Hughes, R. (1998, June 8). Pablo Picasso. Time magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. time. com/time/time100/artists/profile/picasso. html 3. Mataev, Y. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. abcgallery. com/P/picasso/picassobio. html#Between 4. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. artchive. com/artchive/P/picasso. html 5. Russell, J. (1982, January 17). Rediscovering Georges Braque in his Centenary Year. New York Times on the Web. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=990DE5DB1138F934A25752C0A964948260sec=spon=pagewanted=all

AC DC Three Phase Generators

AC DC Three Phase Generators Aims and Objectives The main objective of this report is to describe the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and motors. The following subjects must be covered in this report for it to successfully document the investigation, these subjects will be constructed using a series of lab experiments and learner comments:- Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators supplying resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Relationship between speed, current, power factor, and efficiency of a cage induction motor, capacitor start induction motor, synchronous motor and DC motor. Analyse the results from each of the experiments done and provide graphical analysis of the results. Introduction/ Background It is well known that the most regular type of power to be generated around the world is three phase AC. The reasons being are:- Three phase power is needed for the use of the most efficient types of industrial motors. It is considered to be the most efficient form of electrical energy to generate and distribute. Due to the performance of three phase, the size and weight of devices using it such as generators and motors are lower compared to devices using other power systems. Although it should be noted that the performance of an AC system is dependant on the power factor, not just the load in terms of current. In-order to successfully investigate the subject of AC vs. DC a total of six practical tests were completed, the practical tests will be documented in the following report and analysed. The tests completed:- AC induction motor torque-speed characteristics AC synchronous motor torque-speed characteristics AC capacitor start induction motor torque-speed characteristics DC motor torque-speed characteristics DC generator output characteristics AC generator output characteristics AC Induction Motor Test An induction motor is an asynchronous motor where through electromagnetic induction power is supplied to the rotating device. In some contexts an induction motor can be described as a rotating transformer because the stator can be shown to be the primary winding and the rotor as the secondary winding. Induction motors can be found regularly in industrial situations. Induction motors get their popularity from being rugged in construction, and from not having brushes. There is more than one design of induction motor a few examples are:- Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor Wound Rotor Motor Double Cage Rotor Motor Each of the above motor designs has its own merits; the type of motor to be used in this experiment is the cage rotor motor. Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor:- A cage induction motor rotor shown in the illustration below consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved into the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. The design is known as the cage rotor because of the conducting bars, if examined they can be seen to look like a squirrel or hamsters exercise wheel. 1Squirrel Cage Motor Construction Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. The test equipment is as follows:- Circuit Diagram for Cage Rotor Induction Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure A completely extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.1 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Efficiency (p.u.) 0.1 1500 15.708 80 0 80 0.35 245 148.52336 0.5386 0.1963495 0.2 1450 30.369 85 10 95 0.38 245 161.25393 0.5891 0.3196708 0.3 1450 45.553 95 20 115 0.4 245 169.74098 0.6775 0.3961139 0.4 1440 60.319 100 30 130 0.42 245 178.22803 0.7294 0.4639891 0.5 1425 74.613 110 40 150 0.45 245 190.9586 0.7855 0.4974188 0.6 1400 87.965 120 50 170 0.5 245 212.17622 0.8012 0.5174388 0.7 1390 101.89 130 60 190 0.55 245 233.39385 0.8141 0.5362754 0.8 1360 113.94 145 65 210 0.57 245 241.8809 0.8682 0.5425481 0.9 1350 127.23 160 80 240 0.65 245 275.82909 0.8701 0.5301438 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque The above graph shows the relationship between speed and torque, it shows that at a low torque the speed is at its maximum but as the torque increases the adverse happens to the speed. This is expected because increasing the torque of the motor is adding more mechanical load, thus slowing the motor down. 2Manufactures graph of Speed versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above is a representation of the results that the manufacturer of the test machines gives as a guide. It is possible to see that from a torque of 0.1Nm to 0.9Nm the results are similar to the report authors. The torque was not taken any higher than 0.9Nm in the authors test as stalling the motor was not a desired outcome. Output Power vs. Torque This graph shows the relationship of output power versus torque taken from the lab results in table T.1; it has an obvious linear upward trend. It is expected that the output power increases as more load is put on the motor, because the motor has to work harder to maintain rotation. 3Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The manufactures results also share the same upward trend as the authors, but again the manufacture has taken the results past 0.9Nm and taken the motor into a stalling condition. Line Current versus Torque The graph above shows the results of torque against line current, a good upward trend is visible. This indicates that as the torque increases so does the line current, this again is due to the increase in load on the motor. 4Manufactures graph of Line Current versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results from the manufacture complement the results that the author recorded. A steady rise is shown from around 0.35-0.4A to 0.6-0.7A at about 0.9Nm. Power Factor versus Torque The graph is showing the results from the practical lab experiment, the calculated power factor versus the torque. It can be seen from the upward trend of the graph that as the torque of the motor increases, so does the power factor. It will be later seen in the report that because the power factor increases with torque so will the efficiency. 5Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results above show similarities with the results gained through practical lab experiments. Torque vs. Efficiency The graph is showing the relationship between efficiency and torque, the efficiency increases as the torque does, this is expected because the output power increases with the torque. The peak efficiency occurs at around 0.75-0.8Nm after which the efficiency starts to reduce. 6Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above shows the relationship of torque and efficiency, the manufactures results show a similar trend to that of the authors. The results from the manufactures show more of the downward trend after 0.8Nm to eventually stalling point. Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady results but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. The induction motor is capable of supplying torque when needed but it will not maintain a constant speed. AC Synchronous Motor Test The major characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it stays at a constant speed regardless of no load or full load. Under certain conditions they can produce a power factor that is capable of correcting a low power factor from an inductive load. A common use for a synchronous motor is to drive a DC generator. They come in all sizes from small to thousands of horsepower. The synchronous motor works by the application of three-phase AC power to the stator which causes a rotating magnetic field. The rotor sits inside this magnetic field, and is energised with a DC voltage. The rotating magnetic field of the stator attracts the rotor magnetic field caused by the DC voltage, and a strong rotating force is then imposed on the rotor shaft. This is one of the disadvantages of the synchronous motor, it needs a DC excitation voltage to start without this the rotor will not start turning. This characteristic causes the motor to have poor starting torque, most of its torque is when it is running at synchronous speed. 7Showing the parts making up a synchronous motor Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC synchronous motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency Speed has not been considered because of the way the motor operates, a constant speed should be apparent throughout the test. In the test the motor is ran at full speed, and an adjustable brake unit will control the levels of torque the motor produces. Measurements of current, voltage and power are taken at low to high torque points to get the torque characteristics of the motor. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Three Phase Supply Brake Motor DC Rotor Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure The test procedure that was followed can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2, refer to appendix!!!. Results Table T.2 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0 1500 0 0 4 4 0.05 245 21.21762 0.1885 0 0.05 1500 7.854 0 8 8 0.05 245 21.21762 0.377 0.981748 0.1 1500 15.71 0 10 10 0.05 245 21.21762 0.4713 1.570796 0.2 1500 31.42 10 12 22 0.05 245 21.21762 1.0369 1.427997 0.3 1500 47.12 20 20 40 0.1 245 42.43524 0.9426 1.178097 0.4 1500 62.83 30 30 60 0.15 245 63.65287 0.9426 1.047198 0.5 1500 78.54 38 39 77 0.2 245 84.87049 0.9073 1.019998 0.6 1500 94.25 50 46 96 0.25 245 106.0881 0.9049 0.981748 0.7 1500 110 55 52 107 0.25 245 106.0881 1.0086 1.027624 0.8 1500 125.7 60 65 125 0.3 245 127.3057 0.9819 1.00531 0.9 1500 141.4 70 72 142 0.35 245 148.5234 0.9561 0.995575 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency are calculated using the following relationships:- Graphical Analysis:- The report now includes graphical representation of the results table T.2; the guide graphs from the TecQuipment the machine manufacture have been included to compare result reliability. Output Power vs. Torque The above shows the relationship between torque and output power, it can be seen that as the torque produced increases so does the output power. This outcome is expected because the motor has to turn a greater load and remain at a constant speed. 8Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph also shows the output power increasing with the torque. Line Current versus Torque The line current in this graph is taking an upwards trend indicating as the torque produced is increased so does the line current. The motor is working harder to produce more torque and therefore putting more load on the line. 9Manufactures graph of Line current versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a smoothing increase in line current against torque but does compare with the results gained from the test. Power Factor versus Torque The power factor in this graph is shown to increase to a level above 0.8 very quickly and stays there till the end of the test (0.9Nm). Synchronous motors normally run at a very good power factor close to unity, and this is represented in the results from the test. 10Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures guide graph shows a similar trend to that of the report authors. Efficiency vs. Torque The above graph showing the relationship of torque and efficiency shows a really good level of efficiency produced by the motor, but the trend is not very reliable as it would not be expected to go past 1. Synchronous motors do have good efficiency higher than that of induction motors. 11Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a much more reliable trend of efficiency of the synchronous motor, but it does still show that the motor is very efficient. Conclusion The results for this test could have been better and if the test was to be repeated then more effort would be made to get better measurements. Although with this in mind the graphs do show what is expected from a synchronous motor in terms of torque characteristics. In comparison to the induction motor, the synchronous motor has improved characteristics of:- Less load in terms of current on the line. Better Power factor (closer to unity) Better Efficiency It would be interesting to find out the difference in starting torque capacity of the two motors because the induction motor would be expected to have a greater starting torque than the synchronous, based on the research into the operation of these two types of motor. AC Capacitor Start Induction Motor Test The most common AC induction motor in use today is probably the single phase induction motor. The reasons for this are that they require little maintenance, and are the least expensive. In the single phase AC induction motor the stator magnetic field does not rotate, it simply alternates polarity as a result of the AC voltage changing polarity. Through magnetic induction a voltage is induced in the rotor, however this alone will not cause the motor to turn. This is why starting methods are needed for single phase AC induction motors. Capacitor Start In this type of induction motor the stator is made up of a main winding and a starting winding. The starting winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which offers between the two windings a phase difference of 90 degrees. The result when the motor is started is that between the two windings a rotating magnetic field is created and is enough to start the motor. Once nearly full speed occurs then a speed sensitive switch cuts out the starting winding and the motor runs as a single phase motor. In this way of starting the starting winding is not designed to give the motor high starting torque and so only small motors can use this system. Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.3 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Input Power (W) Supply Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0.1 1450 15.18 250 1.7 245 416.5 0.6 0.0607375 0.2 1450 30.37 290 1.75 245 428.75 0.676 0.1047198 0.3 1450 45.55 310 1.8 245 441 0.703 0.1469455 0.4 1448 60.65 330 1.81 245 443.45 0.744 0.183799 0.5 1425 74.61 355 1.9 245 465.5 0.763 0.210177 0.6 1400 87.96 390 1.97 245 482.65 0.808 0.2255502 0.7 1390 101.9 421 2.05 245 502.25 0.838 0.2420245 0.8 1350 113.1 470 2.2 245 539 0.872 0.2406326 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque Supply Current versus Torque Power Factor versus Torque Efficiency vs. Torque Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady result but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. DC Motor Test The working principle behind any DC motor is the attraction and repulsion of magnets. The simplest motors use electromagnets on a shaft, with permanent magnets in the case of the motor that attract and repel the electromagnets. The reason for using electromagnets is so that it is possible to flip their magnetic field (their north and south poles). So the electromagnet is attracted to one of the permanent magnets. As soon as it reaches the permanent magnet, its north and south poles flip so that it is repelled from that magnet and attracted to the other permanent magnet. This video shows you the parts and how they fit together: Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for DC Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.4 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Voltage (V) Current (A) Input Power (W) Output Power (W) Efficiency (p.u.) 0.05 4600 104 0.55 57.2 24.085544 0.421075938 0.1 3900 104 0.65 67.6 40.840704 0.604152433 0.15 3200 104 0.75 78 50.265482 0.644429262 0.2 2800 104 0.9 93.6 58.643063 0.626528449 0.25 2600 104 1 104 68.067841 0.654498469 0.3 2300 104 1.15 119.6 72.256631 0.604152433 0.35 2100 104 1.2 124.8 76.96902 0.616738942 0.4 1900 104 1.35 140.4 79.587014 0.566859073 0.45 1800 104 1.5 156 84.823002 0.54373719 0.5 1600 104 1.6 166.4 83.775804 0.503460361 0.55 1500 104 1.7 176.8 86.393798 0.488652703 0.6 1400 104 1.85 192.4 87.964594 0.457196436 0.65 1300 104 1.9 197.6 88.488193 0.447814742 0.7 1250 104 2.1 218.4 91.629786 0.419550301 0.75 1200 104 2.15 223.6 94.24778 0.421501698 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one maj

Toray Textiles Into Mansfield :: Trade Textiles Consumerism Essays

Toray Textiles Into Mansfield Case Study of - What is Toray? - Why Mansfield? - How does it benefit local community? - The multiplier effect. - Factors involving the choice of a work site Toray Textiles - Key facts : - Established in Japan in 1926. - Owns over 60 branch plants - Asia, North America, Europe, making company name recognised worldwide. - Plants include: Italian artificial suede manufacturer, French carbon fibre manufacturer. - Sales offices located in Milan and Frankfurt. Why Britain? - Close link with Marks & Spencer - provides a good product outlet and can supply new designs at short notice. - Turnover expected to be over 80 million pounds from new plant in Mansfield. - Japan has become too expensive as a manufacturing base for a product so technically unadvanced. - E.C. rules state that, unless 60% of any product is made in E.C. by E.C. registered employees, then the product is subject to import duty in the form of money or commission, or by limiting the amount of the product sold (tariffs/quotas). - Productivity higher than in Japan and U.S.A. - Automation higher than in Japan and U.S.A. - Less training required. - High unemployment rates. - Longer working week. - No minimum wage or legal paid holiday. Why Mansfield? - Mainline inter-city rail link to London and Birmingham making big cities more accessible - products can be sent for sale more easily. - Accessible to the M1 and U.K motorway networks - access to buyers and channel ports - easier imports and exports. - High unemployment - not only will vacancies be filled but there is competition - workers could accept lower wages. - Nottingham is nearby - worldwide reputation for textiles. - High water table in area - vast quantities required for bleaching and dyeing. - Unemployed miners well qualified in safety practices - an area upon which Toray places great importance. - Potential to set up and expand onto a green field site - lower costs. How does it benefit local community? - Low unemployment. - Higher prestige for area - more publicity. - Tourism - created by publicity - brings in money etc. - Helps relieve pressures on council after large numbers of redundancies from the flop in the mining trade. How does it benefit the U.K.? - Net benefit of 50 million pounds to U.K balance of trade. - Has seen a revival in textile manufacturing. - Has prevented the need to import fabric from abroad. Multiplier effect: - New employees have more money to spend, creating work in tertiary

Protecting The Symbol of Our Country :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Protecting The Symbol of Our Country    On June 12,1997 the Flag Amendment was passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 310 to 114. The Amendment gives Congress the right to prevent the physical desecration of the American flag. â€Å"Today’s vote is strong evidence that the voice of the American people has been heard and heeded by the US House of Representatives†(Flag Alliance, Inc. 1), says Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady, who is the head of the Citizens Flag Alliance(CFA). Today, forty-nine state legislatures have made it clear to Congress that they want flag protection laws. However, not everyone is in favor of these laws. These â€Å"radicals† or â€Å"revolutionists† as they like to call themselves, feel that burning the flag is their constitutional right under the first amendment: freedom of speech. (You might want to go ahead and establish your thesis here.   It shows up in the next paragraph, and that's okay too though.)    I strongly support the flag protection amendment. â€Å"The flag is a symbol of our great nation and all that we stand for. No other American symbol has been as universally honored or has bestowed such honor as the flag†(Flag Alliance, Inc. 1), says Rep. William Lipinski of Illinois. Those who destroy the flag, or view it as just a design on a piece of cloth lack the understanding of our nations(AP) history, and take their American citizenship for granted. They burn the flag only to get attention, or because they are angry with the government, and see it as a way of getting back at them. My solution to these people who are aggravated with our government is to move somewhere else. Try living in China or Cuba, and see if you agree with the way they run their government. When you burn the flag you break the chains that holds you together in unity with the rest of the nation. (This is a pretty extreme metaphor.   You need to clearly establish why the desecration of the flag is s o damaging.   Also, look at your solution.   It is also extreme.   Will you effectively convince people who don't agree with you by being so extreme?   Some drama and emotion is good.   But remember that your audience will expect you to show open-mindedness as well.)    An astonishing eighty-one percent of Americans are in favor of the amendment.   This number shows how much of an affect the flag has on our country.

The story of Saint Catherine Laboure Essay -- social issues

The story of Saint Catherine Laboure Saint Catherine personally worked no miracles, nor did she practice externally heroic charity like other great saints. She sprang from upper middle class parents among the meadows and vineyards of Burgundy, France. Her father was an educated man and an excellent farmer living in the village of Fain-les-Moutiers not far from DiJon. Her sanctity consists in half a century of faithful service as a simple Daughter of Charity. Catherine was born of Peter and Louise Laboure on May 2, 1806. She was the ninth child of a family of eleven. The day after her birth she was baptized on the feast of the Finding of The True Cross. Even the feast of Catherine's baptism was prophetic, because Catherine was to find the cross in every turn of her life, and to have deep devotion for it, and to see a mysterious vision of the cross. When Catherine was nine years old, her saintly mother died. After the burial service, little Catherine went to her room, stood on a chair, took our Lady's statue from the wall, kissed it, and said: "Now, dear Lady, you are to be my mother." On January 25, 1818, Catherine received her First Holy Communion. From that day on she arose every morning at 4:00 a.m., walked several miles to church in order to assist at Mass, and to pray. One day she had a dream in which she saw an old priest say Mass. After Mass, the priest turned and beckoned her with his finger, but she drew backwards, keeping her eye on him. The vision moved to a sick room where she saw the same priest, who said: "My child, it is a good deed to look after the sick; you run away now, but one day you will be glad to come to me. God has designs on you - do not forget it." Later, she awoke, not knowing the significance of the dream. Sometime later, while visiting a hospital of the Daughters of Charity, Catherine noticed a priest's picture on the wall. She asked a sister who he was, and was told: "Our Holy Founder Saint Vincent de Paul." This was the same priest Catherine had seen in the dream. In January of 1830, Catherine Laboure became a postulant in the hospice of the Daughters of Charity at Catillon-sur-Seine. Three months later she was again in Paris, this time to enter the Seminary at the Mother House of the Daughters of Charity. Shortly after she entered her new home, God was pleased to grant her several extraordinary visions. On thr... ...d any praise and promise so she fled from it. She wanted to be left alone to carry out her humble duties as a Daughter of Charity. For over forty years, she spent her every effort in caring for the aged and infirm, not revealing to those about her that she had been the recipient of our Lady's medal. The Sisters with whom she lived held her in the highest esteem, and each one longed to be her companion. In 1876, Catherine felt she would die before the end of the year. Mary Immaculate gave Catherine leave to speak and break the silence of forty-six years. Catherine revealed to her Sister Superior that she was the sister to whom the Blessed Mother appeared. On December31, 1876, Saint Catherine passed on to the hands of Mary, this time, however, in heaven. Today her beautiful remains still lie fresh and serene. When her body was exhumed in 1933 it was found as fresh as the day it was buried. Her incorrupt body is encased in glass beneath the side altar at 140 Rue du Bac, Paris, beneath one of the spots where our Lady appeared to her. In the Chapel of the Apparition you can gaze upon the face and the lips that for forty-six years kept a secret, which has since shaken the world.

Project Appraisal And Risk

PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISKQ1. Risk & Uncertainty is an important part to be considered before any projects investment appraisal. Select the appropriate option which relates to either Risk or Uncertainty. (HA)It is Quantifiable RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the projects life increases RISK UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities RISK UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISK UNCERTAINTY(2 marks) Q2. Cipher Co. plans to buy a new machine which will produce expected sales of 110,000 units per year. Each unit can be sold for $15 per unit. The project is expected to last for five years. The project NPV is $1780. The company profit tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% per year. Calculate the sensitivity of the new machine to a change in selling price using the cost of capital of 11%.4%4.4%4.7%5%(2 marks) Q3. Calculate the sensitivity of selling price? The following information to be used:Investment in Year 0 $30,000, Sales volume 200 units per annum each costing $200, Variable cost $50/unit & Total Fixed cost $6000 per annum. The project life is estimated to be three years with the cost of capital of 10%. (MCQ)30.5%29.8%25%15%(2 marks) Q4. Select the appropriate strength & weaknesses for sensitivity analysis according to the statements. (HA)It identifies crucial areas for the success of the project STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt provides information which allows management to make subjective judgments STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt is not an optimizing technique STRENGTH WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made independently STRENGTH WEAKNESS(2 marks) Q5. Calculate the sensitivity of contribution? The following information to be used:Investment in Year 0 $60,000, Sales volume 600 units per annum each costing $125, Variable cost $10/unit & Total Fixed cost $4000 per annum, the Tax rate is 20% will only be applicable on taxable cash flows & capital allowances are to be ignored. The project life is estimated to be two years with the cost of capital of 8%. (MCQ)45.4%41.8%33.2%30.6%(2 marks) Q6. Dmitri is contemplating purchasing a machine for $275,000 which he will use to produce 50,000 units per year for five years. These products selling price is $10/unit and variable costs are expected to be $6/unit. Incremental fixed costs will be $70,000 every year for production & $25,000 every year for selling and distribution. Petra has a required rate of return of 10% per annum. By how many units must the estimate of production and sale volume fall for the project to be regarded as not worthwhile? (MCQ)2,8756,4658,11512,315(2 marks) Q7. Zulu Co. is considering to invest in a project costing $20,000, the amount is payable at the start of the first year of operation. The estimated future cash flows & its probabilities are given below: Year 1 The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities17,500 0.7211,700 0.2(5,000) 0.08Year 2The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities23,000 0.65(3,500) 0.35Calculate the total expected value? (MCQ) $23,700$14,540$13,725$8,265(2 marks) Q8. An individual uses expected value on the assumption to (MCQ)Reduce risk for a given level of returnMaximize return for a given level of riskReduce risk irrespective of the level of returnMaximize return irrespective of the level of risk(2 marks) Q9. Which of the following TWO are disadvantages of Expected value? (MRQ)Relatively simple calculationIgnores variability of payoffsDeals with multiple outcomesThe answer is only a long-run average (2 marks) Q10. â€Å"Using mathematical models, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables.† Choose the appropriate Technique. (MCQ)SimulationRisk-adjusted discount ratesAdjusted paybackExpected value(2 marks)PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISK (ANSWERS)Q1. It is Quantifiable RISK Increases as the projects life increases UNCERTAINTYIt is difficult to assign probabilities UNCERTAINTYIncreases as the variability of returns increases RISK Q2. ASelling Price = 110,000 Ãâ€" $15 = $165, 0000Annuity Factor 11% (1 – 5 years) = 3.696Annuity Factor 11% (1 – 6 years) = 4.231Discount Factor 11% (Year 1) = 0.901Annuity Factor 11% (2 – 6 years) = 4.231 – 0.901 = 3.33Year 1-5 Tax rate Year 2-6 Cash flow 1650,000 Ãâ€" 30% 495,000 Ãâ€" Ãâ€" Annuity 3.696 3.33 Selling Price after tax 6098,400 – 164,8350 445,0050Sensitivity = (1,780 à · 445, 50050) Ãâ€" 100 = 4% Q3. Years Cash flow ($) Discount Factor (10%) Present value ($)Investment 0 (30,000) 1 (30,000)Sales Revenue 1-3 40,000 2.487 99,480Variable Cost 1-3 (10,000) 2.487 (24,870)Fixed Cost 1-3 (6,000) 2.487 (14,922)NPV 29,688Selling Price = (29,688 à · 99,480) Ãâ€" 100 = 29.8% Q4. It identifies crucial areas for the success of the project STRENGTH It provides information which allows management to make subjective judgments STRENGTH It is not an optimizing technique WEAKNESSIt assumes that changes to variables can be made independently WEAKNESSInformation will be presented to management in a form which facilitates subjective judgment to decide the likelihood of the various possible outcomes considered.It is not an optimizing technique. It does not point directly to the correct decision.It assumes that changes to variables can be made independently, e.g. raw material costs will change independently of other variables. This is highly unlikely. Q5. CYears Cash flow ($) Discount Factor (8%) Present value ($) After Tax Present value ($) Investment 0 (60,000) 1 (60,000) (60,000)Sales Revenue 1-2 75,000 1.783 133,725 106,980Variable Cost 1-2 (6,000) 1.783 (10,698) (8,558)Fixed Cost 1-2 (4,000) 1.783 (7,132) (5,706)NPV 55,895 32,716Contribution = (32,716 à · [106,980 – 8,558]) Ãâ€" 100 = 33.2% Q6. CYear Cash flow ($) Discount factor (10%) Present Value ($)Machine 0 (275,000) 1 (275,000)Contribution 1-5 200,000 3.791 758,200Fixed cost 1-5 (95,000) 3.791 (360,145)NPV 123,055PV of contribution must fall by $123,055 Sales volume must fall by $123,055 à · 758,200 = 16.23% Fall in sales volume = 0.1623 Ãâ€" 50,000 = 8,115 Q7. DYear 1 Present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)17,500 0.72 12,60011,700 0.2 2,340(5,000) 0.08 (400)14,540Year 2The present value of cash flow ($) Probabilities Expected value ($)23,000 0.65 14,950(3,500) 0.35 (1,225)13,725(14,540 + 13,725) – 20,000 = 8,265 Q8. DThe Expected Value is the weighted average of all the possible outcomes, with the weightings based on the probability estimates. This is specifically used to maximize the shareholder's wealth exclusive of any risk assumptions. Q9.Relatively simple calculation (Advantage)Ignores variability of payoffs (Disadvantage)Deals with multiple outcomes (Advantage)The answer is only a long-run average (Disadvantage) Q10. AThe simulation uses a mathematical model, it produces a distribution of the possible outcomes from the project using multiple uncertain variables.

Product Life Cycle Theory

The product life cycle theory is used to comprehend and analyze various maturity stages of products and industries. Product innovation and diffusion influence long-term patterns of international trade. This term product life cycle was used for the first time in 1965, by Theodore Levitt in an Harvard Business Review article: â€Å"Exploit the Product Life Cycle†. Anything that satisfies a consumer's need is called a ‘product'. It may be a tangible product (clothes, crockery, cars, house, gadgets) or an intangible service (banking, health care, hotel service, airline service).Irrespective of the kind of product, all products introduced into the market undergo a common life cycle. To understand what this product life cycle theory is all about, let us have a quick look at its definition. Product Life Cycle Definition A product life cycle refers to the time period between the launch of a product into the market till it is finally withdrawn. In a nut shell, product life cycle or PLC is an odyssey from new and innovative to old and outdated! This cycle is split into four different stages which encompass the product's journey from its entry to exit from the market. Product Life Cycle StagesThis cycle is based on the all familiar biological life cycle, wherein a seed is planted (introduction stage), germinates (growth stage), sends out roots in the ground and shoots with branches and leaves against gravity, thereby maturing into an adult (maturity stage). As the plant lives its life and nears old age, it shrivels up, shrinks and dies out (decline stage). Similarly, a product also has a life cycle of its own. A product's entry or launching phase into the market corresponds to the introduction stage. As the product gains popularity and wins the trust of consumers it begins to grow.Further, with increasing sales, the product captures enough market share and gets stable in the market. This is called the maturity stage. However, after some time, the product gets overpowered by latest technological developments and entry of superior competitors in the market. Soon the product becomes obsolete and needs to be withdrawn from the market. This is the decline phase. This was the crux of a product life cycle theory and the graph of a product's life cycle looks like a bell-shaped curve. Let us delve more into this management theory. Introduction Stage After conducting thorough market research, the company develops its product.Once the product is ready, a test market is carried out to check the viability of the product in the actual market, before it can set foot into the mass market. Results of the test market are used to make correction if any and then launched into the market with various promotional strategies. Since the product has just been introduced, growth observed is very slight, market size is small and marketing cost are steep (promotional cost, costs of setting up distribution channels). Thus, introduction stage is an awareness creatin g stage and is not associated with profits!However, strict vigilance is required to ensure that the product enters the growth stage. Identifying hindering factors and nipping them off at the bud stage is crucial for the product's future. If corrections cannot be made or are impractical, the marketer withdraws the product from the market. Read more on types of market research. Growth Stage Once the introductory stage goes as per expected, the initial spark has been set, however, the fire has to be kindled by proper care. The marketer has managed to gain consumers attention and now works on increasing their product's market share.As output increases, economies of scale is seen and better prices come about, conducing to profits in this stage. The marketer maintains the quality and features of the product (may add additional features) and seek brand building. The aim here is to coax consumers to prefer and choose this product rather than those sold by competitors. As sales increase dist ribution channels are added and the product is marketed to a broader audience. Thus, rapid sales and profits are characteristics of this stage. Read more on marketing tools. Maturity StageThis stage views the most competition as different companies struggle to maintain their respective market shares. The cliche ‘survival of the fittest' is applicable here. Companies are busy monitoring product's value by the consumers and its sales generation. Most of the profits are made in this stage and research costs are minimum. Any research conducted will be confined to product enhancement and improvement alone. Since consumers are aware of the product, promotional and advertising costs will also be lower. In the midst of stiff competition, companies may even reduce their prices in response to the tough times.The maturity stage is the stabilizing stage, wherein sales are high, but their pace is slow, however, brand loyalty develops imparting profits. Read more on marketing plans. Decline Stage After a period of stable growth, the revenue generated from sales of the product starts dipping due to market saturation, stiff competition and latest technological developments. The consumer loses interest in this product and begins to seek other options. This stage is characterized by shrinking market share, dwindling product popularity and plummeting profits. This stage is a very delicate stage and needs to be handled wisely.The type of response contributes to the future of the product. The company needs to take special efforts to raise the product's popularity in the market once again, by either reducing cost of the product, tapping new markets or withdrawing the product. Read more on: †¢Marketing Services †¢Marketing Mix †¢Marketing Tips It is important to note that, not all products go through the entire life cycle. Just as how not all seeds sown germinate, not all products launched into the market succeed. Some flop at the introductory stage, while some fail to capture market share due to quick fizzling out.Moreover, some marketers quickly change strategies when the product reaches decline phase and by various promotional strategies regain the lost glory, thereby achieving cyclic maturity phases. Application of product life cycle is important to marketers because via this analysis they can manage their product well and prevent it from incurring losses. A well-managed product life cycle leads to rise in profits and does not necessarily end. Product innovations, new marketing strategies,etc. keeps the product appealing to customers for a very long period of time.Hope this article on product life cycle theory was informative and helpful! The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin.In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention. [1] A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US; no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expands; the US now exports the product to other developed countries.In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative advantage. The country that has the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Contents [hide] †¢1 Product life-cycle o1. 1 Stage 1: Introduction o1. 2 Stage 2: Growth o1. 3 Stage 3: Maturity o1. 4 Stage 4: Saturation o1. 5 Stage 5: Decline †¢2 References [edit]Product life-cycle There are four stages in a product's life cycle: introduction ?growth ?maturity ?saturation ?decline The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. [edit]Stage 1: Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i. e. , national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E. g. , the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries. ) [edit]Stage 2: Growt hA copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E. g. , the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US. ) The Period till the the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. [edit]Stage 3: Maturity The industry contracts and concentrates — the lowest cost producer wins here. (E. g. , the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations. ) [edit]Stage 4: Saturation This is a period of stability.The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by:  ¦ Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling).  ¦ It continues till substitutes enter into the market.  ¦ Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. [edit]Stage 5: Decline Poor c ountries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E. g. , PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries.A better example is textiles. ) Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i. e. , by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. ?†¦ trade theory holding that a company will begin by exporting its product and later undertake foreign direct investment as the product moves through its lifecycle ? As products mature, both location of sales and optimal production changes ?Affects the direction and flow of imports and exports ?Globalization and integration of the economy makes this theory less valid ?Trade implication ? ?Increased emphasis on techno logy’s impact on product cost ? Explained international investment ?Limitations ?Most appropriate for technology-based products ?Some products not easily characterized by stages of maturity ? Most relevant to products produced through mass production Marketing > Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle A product's life cycle (PLC) can be divided into several stages characterized by the revenue generated by the product.If a curve is drawn showing product revenue over time, it may take one of many different shapes, an example of which is shown below: Product Life Cycle Curve The life cycle concept may apply to a brand or to a category of product. Its duration may be as short as a few months for a fad item or a century or more for product categories such as the gasoline-powered automobile. Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. As the product progresses through its life cycle, changes in the marketing mix usually are equired in order to adjust to the evolving challenges and opportunities. Introduction Stage When the product is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits. Some firms may announce their product before it is introduced, but such announcements also alert competitors and remove the element of surprise. Advertising costs typically are high during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introductory stage the firm is likely to incur additional costs associated with the initial distribution of the product.These higher costs coupled with a low sales volume usually make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. During the introduction stage, the primary goal is to establish a market and build primary demand for the product class. The following are some of the marketing mix implications of the introduction stage: â € ¢Product – one or few products, relatively undifferentiated †¢Price – Generally high, assuming a skim pricing strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly.In some cases a penetration pricing strategy is used and introductory prices are set low to gain market share rapidly. †¢Distribution – Distribution is selective and scattered as the firm commences implementation of the distribution plan. †¢Promotion – Promotion is aimed at building brand awareness. Samples or trial incentives may be directed toward early adopters. The introductory promotion also is intended to convince potential resellers to carry the product. Growth Stage The growth stage is a period of rapid revenue growth.Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits and additional market segments are targeted. Once the product has been proven a success and customers b egin asking for it, sales will increase further as more retailers become interested in carrying it. The marketing team may expand the distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later part of the growth stage, there may be price competition and/or increased promotional costs in order to convince consumers that the firm's product is better than that of the competition.During the growth stage, the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be modified as follows: †¢Product – New product features and packaging options; improvement of product quality. †¢Price – Maintained at a high level if demand is high, or reduced to capture additional customers. †¢Distribution – Distribution becomes more intensive. Trade discounts are minimal if resellers show a strong interest in the product. †¢Promotion – Increased advertising to build brand preference. Maturity Stage The maturity stage is the most profitable.While sales continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a slower pace. Because brand awareness is strong, advertising expenditures will be reduced. Competition may result in decreased market share and/or prices. The competing products may be very similar at this point, increasing the difficulty of differentiating the product. The firm places effort into encouraging competitors' customers to switch, increasing usage per customer, and converting non-users into customers. Sales promotions may be offered to encourage retailers to give the product more shelf space over competing products.During the maturity stage, the primary goal is to maintain market share and extend the product life cycle. Marketing mix decisions may include: †¢Product – Modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products that may have been introduced. †¢Price – Possible price reductions in response to competition while avoiding a price war. †¢Distribution – New distribution channels and incentives to resellers in order to avoid losing shelf space. †¢Promotion – Emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives to get competitors' customers to switch.Decline Stage Eventually sales begin to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer tastes change. If the product has developed brand loyalty, the profitability may be maintained longer. Unit costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit can be made. During the decline phase, the firm generally has three options: †¢Maintain the product in hopes that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. †¢Harvest it, reducing marketing support and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a succes sor product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows: †¢Product – The number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. †¢Price – Prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of discontinued products. Prices may be maintained for continued products serving a niche market. †¢Distribution – Distribution becomes more selective. Channels that no longer are profitable are phased out. †¢Promotion – Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products.Limitations of the Product Life Cycle Concept The term â€Å"life cycle† implies a well-defined life cycle as observed in living organisms, but products do not have such a predictable life and the specific life cycle curves followed by different products vary substantially. Consequently, the life cycle concept is not well-suited for the forecasting of product sales. Furthermore, critics have argued that the product life cycle may become self-fulfilling. For example, if sales peak and then decline, managers may conclude that the product is in the decline phase and therefore cut the advertising budget, thus precipitating a further decline.Nonetheless, the product life cycle concept helps marketing managers to plan alternate marketing strategies to address the challenges that their products are likely to face. It also is useful for monitoring sales results over time and comparing them to those of products having a similar life cycle. Marketing > Product LifecycleThe Product Cycle and its Implications Let us begin by reviewing Vernon’s principal points regarding the technological and geographical transitions of industries. His product-cycle paradigm suggested that an industry’s competitiveness will go through a predictable series of stages: To begin with, U.S. -controlled enterprises generate new products and processes in response to the high per capit a income and the relative availability of productive factors in the United States; they introduce these products or processes abroad through exports; when their export position is threatened they establish overseas subsidiaries to exploit what remains of their advantage; they retain their oligopolistic advantage for a period of time, then lose it as the basis for the original lead is completely eroded. (1971: 66)While Vernon’s main objective was to explain the causes and consequences of foreign investment, the stages that he identified also implied that an industry’s perspective on trade policyComment on Deardorff 2 will evolve. Industries can be expected to favor open markets when they are competitive and to favor protection when they are not. Deardorff’s analysis is largely consonant with this cycle, but brings into closer consideration the role of developing countries’ exports in challenging the developed countries’ industries.While I am largely in agreement with the basic points raised by both Vernon and Deardorff, I would suggest two adjustments. The first is that a different policy question may be in order. To paraphrase, Deardorff’s question seems to be, â€Å"Will developed countries respond to increased competition from developing countries by erecting new barriers to trade? † I would instead ask, â€Å"How will the interests of declining industries in developed countries affect the pace and form of new trade liberalization? † While I understand the usefulness of the simplifying assumption that the two countries in the model â€Å"are initially engaged in free trade† (ibid. 3), I think it is equally simple and more realistic to begin with the assumption that restrictions to trade already exist. It would be a great exaggeration to claim that the WTO rules are so watertight as to prevent countries from imposing any new restrictions on trade, but I would quarrel with the suggestion that we â €Å"simply assume that [increased import competition will] lead the North to implement a tariff on imports† (ibid. : 9). The track record for both legislated protection 1 and safeguards cases 2 suggests that protectionist industries have had little success in winning support from government.The clear trend of the past half century has been towards the reduction of tariffs and (more recently) the replacement or elimination of quotas. In an environment of declining tariff barriers, the best that most protectionist industries can hope for is to secure a pledge that their products be exempted from reductions. Even when one acknowledges the continuation of â€Å"peak† tariffs in some industries and the mischief that can be done with antidumping duties and other instruments of protection, the fact remains that markets are much more open today than they were in decades past.Moreover, the rules are more comprehensive and enforceable under the WTO than they were under the GATT. The second important departure is that the range of options is not limited to a dichotomous choice between â€Å"free trade† or â€Å"protection. † Beyond the almost trivial point that there are many degrees of openness, representing every step from zero barriers to confiscatory levels of protection, discrimination is an equally important consideration. Here the rules of the GATT and WTO have been permissive.Free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions are allowable exceptions to the general rule of universal most-favored-nation treatment (provided that they meet the requirements of GATT Article XXIV), and preferential trade programs such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) are granted waivers. While each of these options provide for more liberal trade, and many extend special treatment to developing countries, they are widely seen as a â€Å"second-best† alternative to nondiscriminatory liberalization.For reasons that I explore below, however, th e increasing use of these discriminatory instruments can also be portrayed as a natural consequence of the product cycle. 1 Although there have been many efforts since the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 to enact bills imposing tariffs or quotas on imports, no major bills have been enacted over a presidential veto. There have been several instances, however, in which presidents felt obliged to make concessions to protectionist demands in order to win congressional approval of some other market-opening initiative (especially new grants of negotiating authority or the approval of a trade agreement).In other words, some of the rare steps backward have been price for making two steps forward. 2 Petitioners have succeeded in winning import protection in only 23 of the 70 cases considered in the quarter century since enactment of the current safeguards law (section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974). Comment on Deardorff 3 Implications of the Product Cycle for Trade Policy The product-cycle mo del could be used to explain any one of three approaches to trade policy.Depending on how one views the interests of firms and the responses of government, the cycle could be predicted to encourage more open markets, more protection, or more discrimination. Under the benign view that seems implicit in Vernon’s analysis, the product cycle can be portrayed as a progressive mechanism. A country with an efficient process of â€Å"creative destruction† could theoretically sustain a permanent free-trade orientation, with few or no exceptions for specific industries.Vernon’s views were similar to those of Schumpeter (1936), who believed that a combination of entrepreneurial innovation and periodic depressions provided just such an engine of progress. A real free-trading country would regularly produce a new crop of innovators, while firms that lost their competitiveness would either find new lines of work or be swept away when the business cycle swung downward. The sur vivors favor open markets. This Darwinian optimism is challenged, however, if firms and workers in a declining industry refuse to go quietly into that good night.A more pessimistic interpretation is that old firms and their workers do not always conveniently disappear or get reabsorbed into the economy, but instead seek ways to keep alive even after they pass their prime. Deardorff’s analysis falls into this second category. He concludes that factor owners in the developed country will respond to a competitive challenge by demanding and receiving protection. I offer yet a third alternative, in which the product cycle encourages the reduction of trade barriers but does so in an increasingly discriminatory fashion.My adaptation of Vernon’s model, which is illustrated in Figure 1, departs from the original in two ways. First, I believe that a wider range of stages should be represented in the model. Second, I more explicitly state what the trade (in addition to the invest ment) preferences of an industry will be as it passes through these stages. My adaptation recognizes that the policy options available to industries and countries are not limited to opening or closing the market, but also allow for discriminatory initiatives that better lend themselves to manipulation on behalf of specific firms or trading partners.The stages might respectively be termed pre-competitive, semi-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive. The distinctions between industries in stages 2, 3, and 4A are particularly important. Each one of these stages is â€Å"pro-trade,† but they favor different emphases in both the objectives and form of trade agreements. Only the Stage 3A industry is the pure free-trader. Industries in stages 2, 3B, and 4A each take a more qualified approach to open markets, and may be reluctant to support universal liberalization.An industry’s most critical choice comes in the fourth stage, when it must choose between retreat into th e domestic market or relocation of its production offshore. The initial decision to invest overseas might have been made in an earlier stage, prompted by such diverse objectives as gaining or maintaining access to a large and protected foreign market, taking advantage of lower wage rates and less restrictive regulatory environments, or reducing transportation costs. When an industry’s competitiveness declines, however, it could decide to shift most or all of its production offshore.Those firms that become multinational producers (Stage 4A) acquire interests and preferences very different from those that do not (Stage 4B). A multinational producer will be much more favorably disposed towards open markets than a â€Å"mature† domestic industry, but will not inevitably be a paragon of free-trade purism. These producers may perceive a strong incentive to support discriminatory options, especially if they create sanctuary markets at home or abroad. Home | About | Privacy | Reprints | Terms of UseCopyright  © 2002-2010 NetMBA. com. All rights reserved. This web site is operated by the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc. Search NetMBA Site Information Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of Use Marketing Accounting Economics Finance Management Marketing Operations Statistics Strategy ? ?In recent years an extensive theoretical literature has been offered examining the implications of the product cycle (PC) model of trade (Hirsch 1967; Vernon 1966). 1) Emphasizing knowledge transfers, Krugman (1979) constructed a general equilibrium model consisting of an innovating North country and an imitating South country. (2) A key implication of the PC is that the North must continually innovate in the face of the South's ability to eventually imitate each new product. The flying-geese (FG) theory (inter alia, Akamatsu, 1935; Kojima, 2000, 2003; Ozawa, 1993, 2001, 2005) elaborates on the mature stage of the PC by examining conditions un der which an initially imitating South country itself looses the comparative advantage in producing the mature product due to rising labor costs.The loss in comparative advantage results in the further and sequential transfer of production to less developed other South countries and the accompanying recycling of the North's import market among themselves, a phenomenon that can be called â€Å"market or comparative advantage recycling† (Ozawa, 1993; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1995). ?This article specifically examines one particular mature PC import, TV sets, in the U. S. arket and its changing pattern of exporting economies from East Asia–first, from Japan and then from the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea), from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations-4 (ASEAN-4) (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and more recently, from China. ?True, technological progress continues in the TV set industry (e. g. , digitalization, flat-panel sets, and high definition TV [HDTV]), but set manufacturing has practically disappeared in the United States (Chandler, 2001).Incremental innovations are now being introduced mostly in the South/follower countries themselves, especially in Japan and South Korea. East Asia has emerged as the world's largest concentration of consumer electronics production. (3) In this sense, TV sets are certainly a â€Å"mature† product for the United States (too mature to be retained). In short, our study examines the phenomenon of PC-based imports and market recycling as witnessed in the United States and explores policy implications for both North and South countries in the age of globalization. There have been several tests for the existence of the PC. Tsurumi and Tsurumi (1980) found support for the PC by determining that the U. S. price elasticity of demand for color TV sets increased over time as U. S. consumers chose between dome stic- and Japanese-produced color TV sets. Audretsch (1987) also found support by determining that growth industries tend to be more R ; D oriented while mature industries allocate fewer resources to this activity.Cantwell (1995) concluded that over time the share of patents of multinational corporations located abroad increased for most countries from 1920 to 1990, which supported the internationalization of investment by technological leaders. Gagnon and Rose (1995) found that a trade surplus (deficit) of a commodity is likely to persist over a long period of time, a trend that is counter to the PC and more consistent with factor proportions theory (which closely parallels the FG theory). ?Econometric tests for the FG theory have been limited.Dowling and Cheang (2000) found support for the FG theory by utilizing both Balassa's â€Å"revealed† comparative advantage index and foreign direct investment (FDI) ratios for East Asian countries. Using Spearman rank correlation coef ficients and examining three periods (1970-95, 1970-85, and 1985-95), they found that economic development trickled down from Japan to the NIEs and then to ASEAN-4. Cutler et al. (2003) analyzed labor-intensive trade data from Japan, the NIEs, the ASEAN-4, and China to the United States and found support for the FG theory (market recycling). In this article, we are interested in testing for the dynamics of the combined PC-FG framework. Using annual data from 1961 to 2002 for TV sets, we use cointegration techniques to estimate a system of multiple cointegrated vectors representing the sequential transfer of the U. S. TV import market from Japan to the NIEs, to the ASEAN-4, and finally to China. We develop a methodology of interpreting both the cointegrating vectors and the speeds of adjustment as a technique to test for the recycling of the U. S. import market among the East Asian economies.We argue that our analysis has implications for the emerging HDTV and flat-panel TV sets' mar kets as well as patterns of behavior in lower developed South countries such as China, Vietnam, and India as these countries are actively pursuing inward FDI in higher value-added industries. ?Section II presents the theoretical framework, and section III provides the data and background information about the region's TV set manufacturing. Section IV discusses the empirical techniques and results of the analysis. Section V touches on policy implications and offers conclusions. ?II.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?Electronics is an R & D-based industry where new products and processes are constantly innovated and competitiveness shifts from one product to another sequentially, an industry that is characterized by short PCs. The Schumpeterian concept of â€Å"creative destruction† aptly applies to innovators' home markets. A fast pace of technological standardization and maturity for a given new product leads to an equally swift outward shift of production from the innovators' (North) cou ntry to overseas, as conceptualized in the PC theory of trade and investment.In the early developmental phase of electronics, the United States was the dominant source of innovations, as seen in the original PC theory (Hirsch, 1967; Vernon, 1966), but other countries in Europe and East Asia also soon emerged as active innovators, as presented in the revised version (Vernon, 1979). Nonetheless, the United States still continues to play the major roles of both technology and market providers to East Asian economies.Yet, as described in the original PC theory, conventional TV sets and many other mature electronic products have followed the typical pattern of a sequence from U. S. domestic production to exports, to overseas production, and to imports. (4) These imports come mostly from East Asia. ?What is equally interesting is that once an electronic product becomes a mature â€Å"commodity,† whose competitiveness is basically determined by labor costs, its production shifts fro m one South country to another in the persistent search of lower cost labor.This development is facilitated especially when lower echelon South countries liberalize their trade and investment regimes so as to attract production from higher developed South countries. Such a successive transmigration of production of a standardized product therefore exhibits a changing pattern of production over time within the South countries, while the United States remains the major import market.This phenomenon of production transmigration down the intraregional hierarchy of South countries differentiated in terms of the stages of economic development and the levels of technological sophistication is captured in the FG model. ?Viewed in the above light, the PC theory and the FG model complement each other, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. A new product is innovated first in a high-income (high-wage) country like the United States and initially manufactured and exported from the innovator' s home country (i. e. , the â€Å"introduction† and â€Å"growth† stages, from †¦ ?